Contents.Career Maudy Ayunda's first film role was in (2005) alongside. Her next film was (2009), directed by, where she played the role of Zakiah Nurmala, the protagonist's love interest. Her song 'Mengejar Mimpi' was featured on the soundtrack.In 2011, Ayunda appeared in two musicals,. In 2012, she had a role in, alongside Adipati Koesmadji.Ayunda released her debut album, Panggil Aku., in 2011 that featured 10 songs, one of which she wrote 'Tetap Bersama'. In 2012, her vocal of 'Perahu Kertas', written by was used for the soundtrack of.In January 2014, she recorded a duet 'By My Side' with. The song was well-received in Indonesia and released on Music Indonesia and as a video on March 19, 2014.
She released her second studio album Moments on April 1, 2015. In 2015, she also released three singles: 'Cinta Datang Terlambat', 'Bayangkan Rasa' and 'Untuk Apa' and earned a Multi-Platinum award for selling over 200.000 copies.In 2016, chose Maudy to sing the soundtrack ' from the Indonesian song 'Seberapa Jauh Ku Melangkah' for the film.
Education Ayunda was a runner-up in a speech competition at her school. She speaks,. After graduating from the, Ayunda enrolled at the to study (PPE) and graduated in 2016.
Activism Ayunda is involved in Social, Political, and Economic issues in Indonesia, especially those impacting the lives of young people. In 2015, accompanied the, during his visit to.Ayunda plays an ambassador's role in sharing the message to youth in the fight against modern that includes forced labor, marriage and dangerous labor.
In March 2017, she was appointed a spokesperson against modern slavery at the in. Through her work, she shares the realities of modern slavery, to ensure the rights of women and men to live in freedom and dignity is respected and uses social media platforms to promote that message.Ayunda speaks at local, regional, and global conferences highlighting concerns in education, media, and the creative industry. In 2017, she was awarded by BUBU Awards as 'Best Digital Influencer' and by Style Awards as a 'Most Influential Millennial' for her positive social media engagement and collaboration with CIMB Niaga on the 'Kejar Mimpi' movement.Personal life As of 2015, she is in a relationship with Arsyah Rasyid, an Indonesian CEO and co-founder of the multimedia company Kokatto. Discography Studio albums TitleAlbum detailsSalesPanggil Aku.( Call Me.). Released: August 11, 2011.
Label: Trinity Optima Production. Formats:,N/AN/AMoments. Released: April 1, 2015. Label: Trinity Optima Production. Formats: CD, digital download200,000+.: Multi PlatinumOxygen. Released: February 15, 2018.
Label: Trinity Optima Production. Formats: CD, digital downloadTBATBASoundtrack album TitleAlbum detailsOST. Perahu Kertas(with Various Artists). Released: August 16, 2012. Label: Trinity Optima Production. Formats:,Singles TitleYearAlbum'Aku Atau Temanmu'2011Panggil Aku.' Tiba-Tiba Cinta Datang'Perahu Kertas'2012OST.
Perahu Kertas'Tahu Diri'OST. Perahu Kertas 2'Cinta Datang Terlambat'2013OST. Setiawati, Indah (7 October 2012). Retrieved 24 January 2018.
Maudy Ayunda: Choosing school instead of acting. (in Indonesian). Retrieved 4 November 2009. Hidayah, Aguslia (3 March 2011). The story of a window and autistic child. (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 April 2014.
Ayuningtias, Rini (9 August 2012). Dwi Lestari asks Maudy Ayunda to sing a soundtrack for 'Perahu Kertas'. Tribun News (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 January 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2014. Andarningtyas, Natisha (10 January 2014).
Maudy Ayunda does duet with David Choi. (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 April 2014. Ramadhan, Rizal Bagus (11 January 2014). Exclusive Maudy Ayunda is ready to release album this year!. KapanLagi.com (in Indonesian).
Retrieved 22 April 2014. Karibo, Anto (4 July 2015). Maudy Ayunda shocked to know her album earning Multi-Platinum award (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 October 2015. Khoiri, Agniya (12 November 2016).
Maudy Ayunda's involvement in Disney movie 'Moana'. (in Indonesian).
Retrieved 25 January 2018. Sari, Intan Kemala (5 December 2014).
5 Indonesian celebrities who can speak 2 foreign languages. (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 October 2015.
Nuari, Arzia (12 January 2016). Maudy Ayunda's facts in education.
(in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 October 2016. ^ Gosden, Emily (28 July 2015). Retrieved 18 October 2015. Yosephine, Liza (26 November 2017). Retrieved 25 January 2018. Pratiwi, Aniza (15 May 2017).
Maudy Ayunda: 'Actually, my dream is becoming a teacher'. (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 January 2018.
29 July 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2018. 29 July 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2018. Maudy Ayunda against slavery. (in Indonesian). 17 March 2017.
Retrieved 25 January 2018. Iskandar, Muhammad Arief (15 March 2017).
Maudy Ayunda against modern slavery. (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 January 2018. 8 Facts of Maudy Ayunda's boyfriend. (in Indonesian). 19 June 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
Rosidha, Eka Laili (21 August 2017). Charming and smart, Maudy Ayunda's boyfriend makes netizen losing hope.
(in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 January 2018. 11 August 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2018. Putriyantini (4 April 2015).
Maudy Ayunda released 'Moments' album. Gadis (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 January 2018. Kurniawan, Fakhmi (3 July 2015). Album 'Moments' got Multi Platinum, Maudy Ayunda touched.
(in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 January 2018. Nada (15 February 2018). Maudy Ayunda released 'Oxygen' album. (in Indonesian).
Retrieved 16 February 2018. Galuh, Maria Cicilia (16 August 2012). Soundtrack album of 'Perahu Kertas' officially released today. (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 January 2018. Setiawan, Tri Susanto (7 July 2017). Maudy Ayunda will release her second book.
(in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 January 2018. Yuniar, Nanien (30 April 2018). 'Dear Tomorrow', Maudy Ayunda's new book. (in Indonesian).
Retrieved 19 June 2018.External links. (in Indonesian).
on. at. at. at.
Your browser does not support the audio element. About the album. 1 disc(s) - 1 track(s). Total length: 00:04:26.
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Contents.Career Maudy Ayunda's first film role was in (2005) alongside, her next film was (2009), directed by, where she played the role of Zakiah Nurmala, the protagonist's love interest. Her song 'Mengejar Mimpi' was featured on the soundtrack.In 2011, Ayunda appeared in two musicals,. In 2012, she had a role in, alongside Adipati Koesmadji.Ayunda released her debut album, Panggil Aku., in 2011 that featured 10 songs, one of which she wrote 'Tetap Bersama'. In 2012, her vocal of 'Perahu Kertas', written by was used for the soundtrack of.In January 2014, she recorded a duet 'By My Side' with; the song was well-received in Indonesia and released on Music Indonesia and as a video on March 19, 2014. She released her second studio album Moments on April 1, 2015. In 2015, she also released three singles: 'Cinta Datang Terlambat', 'Bayangkan Rasa' and 'Untuk Apa' and earned a Multi-Platinum award for selling over 200.000 copies.In 2016, chose Maudy to sing the soundtrack ' from the Indonesian song 'Seberapa Jauh Ku Melangkah' for the film.
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Education Ayunda was a runner-up in a speech competition at her school, she speaks,. After graduating from the, Ayunda enrolled at the to study (PPE) and graduated in 2016. Activism Ayunda is involved in Social, Political, and Economic issues in Indonesia, especially those impacting the lives of young people. In 2015, accompanied the, during his visit to.Ayunda plays an ambassador's role in sharing the message to youth in the fight against modern that includes forced labor, marriage and dangerous labor. In March 2017, she was appointed a spokesperson against modern slavery at the in. Through her work, she shares the realities of modern slavery, to ensure the rights of women and men to live in freedom and dignity is respected and uses social media platforms to promote that message.Ayunda speaks at local, regional, and global conferences highlighting concerns in education, media, and the creative industry. In 2017, she was awarded by BUBU Awards as 'Best Digital Influencer' and by Style Awards as a 'Most Influential Millennial' for her positive social media engagement and collaboration with CIMB Niaga on the 'Kejar Mimpi' movement.Personal life As of 2015, she is in a relationship with Arsyah Rasyid, an Indonesian CEO and co-founder of the multimedia company Kokatto.
Discography Studio albums TitleAlbum detailsSalesPanggil Aku.( Call Me.). Released: August 11, 2011. Label: Trinity Optima Production. Formats:,N/AN/AMoments.
Released: April 1, 2015. Label: Trinity Optima Production.
Formats: CD, digital download200,000+.: Multi PlatinumOxygen. Released: February 15, 2018.
Label: Trinity Optima Production. Formats: CD, digital downloadTBATBASoundtrack album TitleAlbum detailsOST. Perahu Kertas(with Various Artists). Released: August 16, 2012. Label: Trinity Optima Production. Formats:,Singles TitleYearAlbum'Aku Atau Temanmu'2011Panggil Aku.'
Tiba-Tiba Cinta Datang'Perahu Kertas'2012OST. Perahu Kertas'Tahu Diri'OST. Perahu Kertas 2'Cinta Datang Terlambat'2013OST. Setiawati, Indah (7 October 2012). Retrieved 24 January 2018.
Maudy Ayunda: Choosing school instead of acting. (in Indonesian).
Download Film 2014 Maudy Ayunda Full Movie
Retrieved 4 November 2009. Hidayah, Aguslia (3 March 2011). The story of a window and autistic child. (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 April 2014. Ayuningtias, Rini (9 August 2012). Dwi Lestari asks Maudy Ayunda to sing a soundtrack for 'Perahu Kertas'.
Tribun News (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 January 2018.
Retrieved 22 April 2014. Andarningtyas, Natisha (10 January 2014). Maudy Ayunda does duet with David Choi. (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 April 2014. Ramadhan, Rizal Bagus (11 January 2014). Exclusive Maudy Ayunda is ready to release album this year!.
KapanLagi.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 April 2014.
Karibo, Anto (4 July 2015). Maudy Ayunda shocked to know her album earning Multi-Platinum award (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 October 2015. Khoiri, Agniya (12 November 2016). Maudy Ayunda's involvement in Disney movie 'Moana'. (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 January 2018.
Sari, Intan Kemala (5 December 2014). 5 Indonesian celebrities who can speak 2 foreign languages. (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 October 2015. Nuari, Arzia (12 January 2016). Maudy Ayunda's facts in education. (in Indonesian).
Retrieved 8 October 2016. ^ Gosden, Emily (28 July 2015).
Retrieved 18 October 2015. Yosephine, Liza (26 November 2017).
Retrieved 25 January 2018. Pratiwi, Aniza (15 May 2017).
Maudy Ayunda: 'Actually, my dream is becoming a teacher'. (in Indonesian).
Retrieved 25 January 2018. 29 July 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2018. 29 July 2015.
Retrieved 25 January 2018. Maudy Ayunda against slavery. (in Indonesian). 17 March 2017.
Retrieved 25 January 2018. Iskandar, Muhammad Arief (15 March 2017). Maudy Ayunda against modern slavery. (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 January 2018.
8 Facts of Maudy Ayunda's boyfriend. (in Indonesian). 19 June 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
Rosidha, Eka Laili (21 August 2017). Charming and smart, Maudy Ayunda's boyfriend makes netizen losing hope. (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 January 2018. 11 August 2011.
Retrieved 25 January 2018. Putriyantini (4 April 2015). Maudy Ayunda released 'Moments' album. Gadis (in Indonesian).
Retrieved 25 January 2018. Kurniawan, Fakhmi (3 July 2015). Album 'Moments' got Multi Platinum, Maudy Ayunda touched. (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 January 2018. Nada (15 February 2018).
Maudy Ayunda released 'Oxygen' album. (in Indonesian).
Retrieved 16 February 2018. Galuh, Maria Cicilia (16 August 2012). Soundtrack album of 'Perahu Kertas' officially released today. (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 January 2018. Setiawan, Tri Susanto (7 July 2017).
Maudy Ayunda will release her second book. (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 January 2018. Yuniar, Nanien (30 April 2018).
'Dear Tomorrow', Maudy Ayunda's new book. (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 June 2018.External links. (in Indonesian).
on. at. at.
at. David William is a British who served as from 2010 to 2016. He was the for from 2001 to 2016 and from 2005 to 2016, he identifies as a, has been associated with both and liberal policies. Born in to an family, Cameron was educated at,. From 1988 to 1993 he worked at the, assisting the Prime Minister, before leaving politics to work for in 1994. Becoming an MP in 2001, he served in the opposition shadow cabinet under Conservative leader, succeeded Howard in 2005.
Cameron sought to rebrand the Conservatives, embracing an socially liberal position; the led to Cameron becoming Prime Minister as the head of a coalition government with the – the youngest holder of the office since the 1810s.His premiership was marked by the ongoing effects of the late-2000s financial crisis. His administration introduced large-scale changes to welfare, immigration policy and healthcare, it the and some other state assets, legalised same-sex marriage in. Internationally, his government intervened militarily in the and authorised the bombing of the of and the; when the Conservatives secured an unexpected majority in the 2015 general election he remained as Prime Minister, this time leading a Conservative-only government.
To fulfil a manifesto pledge, he introduced a referendum on the UK's continuing membership of the EU. Cameron supported continued membership. Cameron has been praised for modernising the Conservative Party and for decreasing the United Kingdom's national deficit.
Conversely, he has been criticised by figures on both the left and right, has been accused of and political opportunism. Cameron is the younger son of Cameron a, his wife Mary Fleur, a retired and a daughter of Sir, 2nd Baronet.Cameron's parents were married on 20 October 1962. The journalist has described Cameron's background as being 'upper-upper-middle class'.
Cameron was born in and raised at in, he has a brother, QC, a, two sisters, Tania Rachel and Louise. His father, was born at near and died near, on 8 September 2010. Was built by Cameron's great-great-grandfather, who had made a fortune in the grain trade in, before returning to in the 1880s. Blairmore was sold soon after Ian's birth. Cameron has said, 'On my mother's side of the family, her mother was a Llewellyn, so Welsh.
I'm a real mixture of Scottish and English.' He has referenced the ancestry of one of his great-grandfathers, Arthur Levita, a descendant of the author. From the age of seven, Cameron was educated at two independent schools: at Heatherdown School in in Berkshire, which counts and Prince Edward among its old boys.Owing to good grades, Cameron entered its top academic class two years early.
At the age of thirteen, he went on to Eton College in Berkshire, following his father and elder brother, his early interest was in art. Six weeks before taking his he was caught smoking, he admitted the offence and had not been involved in selling drugs, so he was not expelled. Cameron passed twelve O-Levels and three: History of art, he obtained three'A' grades and a'1' grade in the exam in Economics and Politics. The following autumn, he passed the entrance exam for the, was offered an exhibition at.
After leaving Eton in 1984, Cameron started a nine-month gap year. For three months he worked as a researcher for his godfather Conservative MP for, during which time he attended debates in the. Through his father, he was employed for a further three months in by as a'ship jumper', an administrative post.Returning from Hong Kong, Cameron visited the, where he was approached by two Russian men speaking fluent English.
Cameron was told by one of his professors that it was 'definitely an attempt' by the KGB to recruit him. In October 1985, Cameron began his course in Philosophy and Economics at, his tutor, Professor, has described him as 'one of the ablest' students he has taught, with 'moderate and sensible ' political views., who shared tutorials with him, remembers him as an outstanding student: 'We were doing our be. Mohammad Rivai Riza, better known as, is an Indonesian film director and writer. He is notable for his directorial work on,. He is known for his creative partnership with Indonesian producer, with whom he manages the film production company, Miles Films. Riri Riza was born in on 2 October 1970, he moved to in 1979, where he conducted his secondary education at LabSchool UNJ.
In 1993, Riza graduated from the Jakarta Arts Institute. A talented student, his thesis film, Sonata Kampung, placed third at the 1994 short film festival. In 1995, Riza directed two episodes in Anak Seribu Pulau, he directed his first feature film, Kuldesak, in 1998, collaborating with Mira Lesmana,. His solo feature film debut, Petualangan Sherina in 2000, established him as a director.
Together with Mira Lesmana, Riza has become a film producer, their Ada Apa dengan Cinta?, directed by, had two million viewers in 2002, Indonesian cinema's biggest box-office draw.Riza studied screenwriting at, wrote his first screenplay. His other films include Gie, Untuk Rena,. 2018 Kulari ke Pantai. Riri Riza on IMDb Riri Riza Profile at pdat.co.id.
The Republic of Indonesia, is a country in, between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is the country, with more than seventeen thousand islands, at 1,904,569 square kilometres, the 14th and the 7th largest in combined sea and land area.
With over 261 million people, it is the world's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country., the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population; the sovereign state is a with an elected parliament. It has 34 provinces., the country's capital, is the second most populous urban area in the world; the country shares land borders with, the eastern part of. Other neighbouring countries include, the, and India's. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of.The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin and gold. Agriculture produces rice, palm oil, coffee, medicinal plants and rubber. Indonesia's major trading partners are,.
History of the Indonesian archipelago has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources, it has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when and later traded with entities from mainland China and the Indian subcontinent. Local rulers absorbed foreign cultural and political models from the early centuries and flourished. Traders and scholars brought, while European powers brought and fought one another to monopolise trade in the of during the. Although sometimes interrupted by the and British, the were the foremost European power for much of its 350-year presence in the archipelago. In early 20th century, the concept of 'Indonesia' as a nation state emerged, independence movements began to take shape.During the after, Indonesia achieved independence in 1949 following an armed and diplomatic conflict with the Netherlands.
Indonesia consists of hundreds of distinct native ethnic and linguistic groups, with the largest—and politically dominant—ethnic group being the. A shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, a history of and rebellion against it. Indonesia's national motto, ', articulates the diversity that shapes the country. Indonesia's economy is the world's 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 7th largest by GDP at PPP. Indonesia is a member of several multilateral organisations, including the UN, WTO, IMF and G20, it is a founding member of, and.The name Indonesia derives from the name of the and the word nesos, meaning 'Indian islands'. The name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia.
In 1850, an English, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, Malayunesians—for the inhabitants of the 'Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago'. In the same publication, one of his students, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in publications were reluctant to use Indonesia. After 1900, Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, native nationalist groups adopted it for political expression., of the, popularised the name through his book Indonesien die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894; the first native scholar to use the name was, when in 1913 he established a press bureau in the Netherlands, Indonesisch Pers-bureau.Fossils and the remains of tools show that the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited by Homo erectus, known as ', between 1.5 million years ago and 35,000 years ago. Homo sapiens reached the region around 45,000 years ago. Peoples, who form the majority of the modern population, migrated to from what is now, they arrived around 4,000 years ago, as they spread through the archipelago, confined the indigenous to the far eastern regions. Ideal agricultural conditions and the of as early as the 8th century BCE allowed villages and small kingdoms to flourish by the first century CE; the archipelago's strategic position fostered inter-island and international trade, including links with Indian kingdoms and Chinese dynasties, which were established several centuries BCE.
Trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history. From the 7th century CE, the powerful Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished as a result of trade and the influences of and that were imported with it.Between the 8th and 10th century CE, the agricultural Buddhist Saile. An author is the creator or originator of any written work such as a book or play, is thus a writer. More broadly defined, an author is 'the person who originated or gave existence to anything' and whose authorship determines responsibility for what was created; the first owner of a copyright is the person who created the work i.e. If more than one person created the work a case of joint authorship can be made provided some criteria are met.
In the copyright laws of various jurisdictions, there is a necessity for little flexibility regarding what constitutes authorship; the, for example, defines copyright as 'a form of protection provided by the laws of the to authors of 'original works of authorship'. Holding the title of 'author' over any 'literary, musical, certain other intellectual works' gives rights to this person, the owner of the copyright the exclusive right to engage in or authorize any production or distribution of their work.Any person or entity wishing to use intellectual property held under copyright must receive permission from the copyright holder to use this work, will be asked to pay for the use of copyrighted material.
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After a fixed amount of time, the copyright expires on intellectual work and it enters the public domain, where it can be used without limit. Copyright laws in many jurisdictions – following the lead of the United States, in which the entertainment and publishing industries have strong lobbying power – have been amended since their inception, to extend the length of this fixed period where the work is controlled by the copyright holder. However, copyright is the legal reassurance that one owns his/her work. Technically, someone owns their work from the time. An interesting aspect of authorship emerges with copyright in that, in many jurisdictions, it can be passed down to another upon one's death; the person who inherits the copyright enjoys the same legal benefits. Questions arise as to the application of copyright law.How does it, for example, apply to the complex issue of fan fiction? If the media agency responsible for the authorized production allows material from fans, what is the limit before legal constraints from actors and other considerations, come into play?
Additionally, how does copyright apply to fan-generated stories for books? What powers do the original authors, as well as the publishers, have in regulating or stopping the fan fiction? This particular sort of case illustrates how complex intellectual property law can be, since such fiction may involved trademark law, likeness rights, fair use rights held by the public, many other interacting complications. Authors may portion out different rights they hold to different parties, at different times, for different purposes or uses, such as the right to adapt a plot into a film, but only with different character names, because the characters have been optioned by another company for a television series or a video game.
An author may not have rights when working under contract that they would otherwise have, such as when creating a work for hire, or when writing material using intellectual property owned by others.In literary theory, critics find complications in the term author beyond what constitutes authorship in a legal setting. In the wake of literature, critics such as and have examined the role and relevance of authorship to the meaning or interpretation of a text. Barthes challenges the idea, he writes, in his essay ', that 'it is language which speaks, not the author'. The words and language of a text itself determine and expose meaning for Barthes, not someone possessing legal responsibility for the process of its production; every line of written text is a mere reflection of references from any of a multitude of traditions, or, as Barthes puts it, 'the text is a tissue of quotations drawn from the innumerable centres of culture'.
With this, the perspective of the author is removed from the text, the limits imposed by the idea of one authorial voice, one ultimate and universal meaning, are destroyed; the explanation and meaning of a work does not have to be sought in the one who produced it, 'as if it were always in the end, through the more or less transparent of the fiction, the voice of a single person, the author'confiding' in us'.The, fanaticism of an author can be disregarded when interpreting a text, because the words are rich enough themselves with all of the traditions of language. To expose meanings in a written work without appealing to the celebrity of an author, their tastes, vices, is, to Barthes, to allow language to speak, rather than author. Michel Foucault argues in his essay 'What is an author?' That all authors are writers, but not all writers are authors. He states that 'a private letter may have a signatory—it does not have an author'. For a reader to assign the title of author upon any written work is to attribute certain standards upon the text which, for Foucault, are working in conjunction with the idea of 'the author function'. Foucault's author function is the idea that an author exists only as a fun.
Compact disc is a digital optical disc data storage format, co-developed by and and released in 1982. The format was developed to store and play only sound recordings but was adapted for storage of data.
Several other formats were further derived from these, including audio and data storage, rewritable media, Video, Super Video Compact Disc, PictureCD,; the first commercially available audio CD player, the, was released October 1982 in. Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres and can hold up to about 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or about 700 MiB of data; the has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres. At the time of the technology's introduction in 1982, a CD could store much more data than a personal computer hard drive, which would hold 10 MB. By 2010, hard drives offered as much storage space as a thousand CDs, while their prices had plummeted to commodity level.
In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs.By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. From the early 2000s CDs were being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution, with the result that by 2010 the number of audio CDs being sold in the U.
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Had dropped about 50% from their peak. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time. American inventor has been credited with inventing the first system to record digital information on an optical transparent foil, lit from behind by a high-power lamp.
Russell's patent application was filed in 1966, he was granted a patent in 1970. Following litigation and Philips licensed Russell's patents in the 1980s; the compact disc is an evolution of technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Sony independently in the late 1970s.
Although dismissed by management as a trivial pursuit, the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the LaserDisc format struggled.In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the between 1983 and 1984. By 1988, CD sales in the United States surpassed those of LPs, by 1992 CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music tapes; the success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, which together agreed upon and developed compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged. In 1974, Lou, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record.However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974.
In 1977, Philips established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc; the diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm, the diagonal of an audio cassette., who developed an early digital audio within Japan's national public broadcasting organization NHK in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971, his team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a video recorder in 1973. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was made. First publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio using MFM modulation.
In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, linear resolution, error correction code—specifications similar to those settled upon for the standard compact disc format in 1980.Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd, held on 13–16 March 1979, in. Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week on 8 March, publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called 'Philips Introduce ' in. Sony executive CEO and chairman of Sony, Heitaro Nakajima were convinced of the format's commercial potential and pushed further development despite widespread skepticism; as a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers and, the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the stand.
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